Concussion
 

Description
A concussion is head trauma induced disruption in normal brain function. It can be caused be an impact or an acute jarring of the head. The symptoms are usually temporary, but each concussion makes the athlete more vulnerable to repeat concussions. In addition, symptoms tend to become more severe with multiple concussions.

Concussions are more severe in children. One study showed significant abnormalities on neuropsychological testing in high school students who only had a mild "ding" to the head during athletics

Current research suggests that loss of memory and cognitive difficulties are the most predictive of concussion severity.

Common Signs and Symptoms
Lightheadedness

Confusion
Memory loss (amnesia)
Emotional instability, personality changes
Temporary loss of consciousness (Usually prolonged loss of consciousness (>1 min) indicates severe concussion or brain injury)
Changes in vision (including blurring)
Changes in breathing
Disturbed equilibrium (balance)
Headaches

Nausea

Vomiting

Expected Outcome
This condition is usually curable with early recognition and medical treatment. Complications can be life threatening or cause permanent neurological damage.  Most symptoms resolve in 7-10 days but can last weeks and even years. Repeated concussions increase the risk of severe and prolonged symptoms.
 

Repeated concussions can cause slurred speech, slowed movement, slow thought processes, and tremor. (Dementia Pugilistica or Punch Drunk Syndrome)

An athlete with a concussion should not be allowed to return to play until:

1. All symptoms have resolved

2. If available, neuropsychological testing returns to baseline

3. The athlete is asymptomatic with aerobic exercise

4. The athlete is evaluated and cleared by a physician trained in sports medicine or neurology

Second impact syndrome

The most severe complication. Occurs when an athlete sustains a second concussive force to head while still symptomatic from a previous concussion. Usually fatal with rapid brain swelling. No effective treatment available other than prevention.

NEVER ALLOW AN ATHLETE  TO PARTICIPATE IN CONTACT SPORTS WHILE SYMPTOMATIC FROM A CONCUSSION